How wheat primary roots differentiate

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The embryo is initially a polar axis organ, and its poles develop into roots and shoots (bars) due to the ratio of auxin and cytokinin being either high or low. The mature embryos of most winter wheat seeds usually have 5 trefoil roots, namely the main radicle and 2 pairs of secondary radicles. When the embryonic body is spherical, the initial traces of the root organ have been seen; after staining, it was found that there was a cluster of pigmented cells where the embryo was attached to the suspensor structure. This is a precursor to an inactive center or a stationary center. When the root meristem is formed, this group of cells is very active; after the formation of the meristem, the synthesis rate of nucleic acid and protein in these cells and the speed of cell proliferation are reduced. The emergence of a quiescent center makes the surrounding cells become two groups, namely the root crown of the end and the meristem of the embryo itself.
According to reports, a root analyzer study found that the number of root primordia in wheat seeds may vary between 3-6. K. According to the study of Slightly, the main radicle developed from the apical meristem at the end of the embryonic root. The differentiation process of the main radicles and secondary radicles (lateral roots) is that in the later stage of embryo development, the apical meristem forms the apical meristem; when the embryo is about 0.5 mm in length, the main radicles are under the embryos. The half begins to differentiate; when the length of the embryo is about 1 mm, the main primordial root, the cortical primitive epidermis, and the root capillar are all clearly identifiable; after that, due to the combined effect of cell division and cell volume growth The length of the main radicle increases; the growth rate of the cortical pro- and epidermis and the primary cells of the cortex and their surrounding basic tissues are different, which causes the cell wall at the tip of the root to be torn away to form the interstitial space, and then grows with the main radicle. The lumen enlarges and forms a tube, and in the future, it will continue to develop into a radicle sheath and coat it outside the main radicle; after that, the basic structure of the main radicle will be generated in the lower part of the embryonic body, and the radicle sheath will be formed at the same time; finally, the main radicle And the first pair of lateral roots are clearly visible, and other lateral root primordia also begin to differentiate and gradually form.
Chen Yueqin et al. found that there are significant differences in the occurrence time and internal structure of the primordial sites of the primary radicles and secondary radicles. The primary radicle originates on the side of the embryonic sleeve on the basis of the early stage of fetal development and is directly developed from some cells in the proximal part of the embryo. About 8 days after pollination, the cells in the center of the embryo were arranged irregularly; on the 9th to 10th days, the arrangement of these cells was relatively neat. In addition, 2-3 primordial basal cells of the main radicle were observed in 2-3 lines, which were dense, large, and darkly colored. The primordium was divided into three levels and formed the original meristem. The outer root canopy and the lamellar origin of the l-th layer. In the epidermis and the innermost column of the middle primordium 11d-19d, the number of cell layers of the main radicles reached the maximum, and the subsequent development was mainly the increase of cell volume and changes in the cells. Two or more secondary radicle primordiums occur in the late stages of embryonic development (paired) and are transformed from thin-walled cells outside the vascular bundles of the hypocotyl segments (scutellum and coleoptile etc.). The first pair of secondary radicles appeared 14-15 days after fertilization, and the second pair appeared approximately 18-19 days after fertilization. After the occurrence of these two pairs of secondary radicle primordia, the primordial primordium is not quickly separated, but only splits in all directions to increase the number of primordial cell clusters; about two to three days after the primordium appears, it is separated into layers and formed 3 Layer native meristem. About 10% -15% of the wheat kernels also differentiated into the sixth secondary radicle primordia, which occurred on the 16th to 17th days after fertilization.

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