the fifth part -41-Engine Anti-theft Locking System Because the car door locks have a certain mutual opening rate and reduce the anti-theft function of the car, people have developed an engine anti-theft locking system. For a car that already has an engine anti-theft lock system, even if a car thief can open the door, it cannot drive away the car. A typical engine anti-theft locking system works like this: The car ignition key contains an electronic chip. Each chip has a fixed ID (equivalent to an identification number), and only the ID of the key chip matches the ID of the engine side. The car can only be started; on the contrary, if it does not match, the car will automatically cut off the circuit and make the engine unable to start. -42-Air Resistance Factor (CD) Due to the air resistance during driving, the automobile generates aerodynamic forces in three directions: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical. The longitudinal air force is the largest air resistance and accounts for approximately 80% of the total air resistance. the above. The air resistance coefficient value is derived from the wind tunnel test. Because the air resistance is proportional to the air drag coefficient, modern cars must consider lowering the air drag coefficient for less air resistance. -43- Wind Tunnel A wind tunnel is a pipe used to produce artificial air (artificial wind). In this kind of pipeline, an area where air flow is evenly distributed can be created. The automotive wind tunnel test is carried out in this wind tunnel. The fan used to generate powerful airflow in the automotive wind tunnel is very large. For example, the Mercedes-Benz company's automotive wind tunnel has a fan diameter of 8.5m, and the electric power of the driving fan is up to 4000kw. The fan is used for the actual vehicle test phase. The air speed reaches 270km/h. -44-Car Navigation System (GPS) GPS is a radio navigation and positioning system based on 24 positioning satellites around the world, providing three-position, three-digit speed, and other information all over the world. The automobile GPS navigation system consists of two parts: one part is composed of GPS receivers and display equipments installed in the automobile workers; the other part is composed of a computer control center, and the two parts are contacted by positioning satellites. The computer control center is authorized and organized by the motor vehicle management department. It is responsible for observing the dynamics and traffic conditions of the designated monitored vehicles at any time because the entire car navigation system has at least two major functions: one is the vehicle trace monitoring function. -45-positioning cruise Positioning cruising is used to control the constant speed driving of the car. Once the car is set to the cruising state, the fuel supply of the engine is controlled by the computer. The computer will continuously adjust the fuel supply according to the road conditions and the running resistance of the car, so that the car Always stay at the set speed without having to manipulate the throttle. At present, the cruise control system has become the standard equipment for mid-to-high-class cars. -46-Safety Glass Safety glass has two layers of tempered glass and laminated glass. Tempered glass is produced by rapidly cooling the glass in a hot state to produce glass with higher prestressing strength. When the tempered glass is broken, it is broken into many small pieces without sharp edges, which is not easy to hurt. There are three layers of laminated glass. The middle layer has strong toughness and adhesion. When it is destroyed by impact, the inner layer and the outer layer still adhere to the middle layer, making it difficult to hurt people. Laminated glass for automobiles has been doubled in thickness and has been widely adopted because of its better safety. -47-Preloaded seat belts Preloaded seat belts are characterized by the fact that when a car crashes, when the passenger has not moved forward, it will first tighten the webbing, immediately tying the passengers tightly to the seat, and then lock the webbing to prevent the passengers' body. Lean forward to effectively protect the safety of occupants. The retractor, which plays a major role in the pre-tensioned seat belt, is different from an ordinary seat belt. In addition to the retracting and retracting function of an ordinary retractor, it also has the effect of restraining the passengers around 0.1 s when the speed of the retractor changes drastically. Force, so it also has control devices and pre-tensioning devices. -48-Airbags (SRS) The airbag is mainly composed of sensors, microprocessors, gas generators and airbags. Sensors and microprocessors are used to determine the degree of loading and transmitting signals; the gas generator generates ignition action according to the signal indication, ignites the solid fuel and generates gas to inflate the airbag, so that the airbag rapidly inflates and the airbag capacity is approximately 50-90L. At the same time, the airbag is provided with a safety valve. When the airbag is over-inflated or the pressure in the bladder exceeds a certain value, part of the air is automatically vented to avoid squeezing the customer. In addition to airbags on the driver's side, some passenger cars have airbags installed in the front passenger compartment (ie, dual airbags). Passengers use similar airbags. The airbags are larger when necessary. The gas is also more. In addition, some cars also have side airbags installed on the side of the seat on the side of the door. -49-Smart Airbag Smart airbags are based on a common type of sensor device to detect whether the seat member is a child or an adult. What is the height of their seat belts and their position? By collecting these data, the computer software analyzes and handles the inflation of the airbag to make it play the best credit and avoid unnecessary expansion of the airbag, which greatly improves its safety and security. -50-Member Head Protection System (WHIPS) Generally set in the front seats. When the car receives a rear impact, the head and neck protection system will quickly inflate and swell. The entire backrest will tilt back with the occupant. The occupant's entire back and backrest will stick together and the backrest will lean back. In order to minimize the head and front throwing force, the seat back and headrest will move horizontally backwards, so that the upper part and head of the body can be supported and protected softly and evenly to reduce the spine and neck area. Sustain impact and prevent damage caused by head thrown back. -51- Disc brake Also known as disc brakes, as the name suggests is taken from its shape and name. It is controlled by hydraulic pressure. The main components include brake discs, sub-pumps, brake calipers and tubing. The brake discs are made of alloy steel and fixed to the wheels and rotate with the wheels. The sub-pump is fixed on the floor of the brake. The two friction plates on the caliper are respectively installed on both sides of the brake disc. The piston of the sub-pump is leased by the hydraulic pipe and the friction plate is pressed against the brake. The disc brakes frictionally and acts like a pair of pliers holding a spinning plate and forcing it to stop. -52-Antilock Braking System (ABS) As we all know, we can't step on one foot when braking, but we should brake step by step, step on and off until the car stops, but when it comes to emergency braking, we often need the car to stop in an emergency and want to put it in the end. The car stops. At this moment, the wheels are prone to lock up and do not rotate, which causes the car to be dangerous. For example, the front wheel locks cause the car to lose its ability to turn, and the rear wheel locks make it easy for you to flick the tail. The installation of ABS is to solve the problem of wheel lock when braking. The car equipped with ABS can effectively control the wheel to remain in the rotating state without locking, which greatly improves the stability of the car when braking. Vehicle braking performance under poor road conditions. -53-Electronic Brake Distribution System (EBD) EBD can automatically adjust the braking force distribution ratio of front and rear axles based on the difference in axle load transfer caused by the braking of the vehicle to improve the braking performance and to improve the braking stability with ABS. When the car is braking, the ground conditions on which four tires are attached are often different. For example, sometimes the left front wheel and the right rear wheel are attached to the dry concrete floor, while the right front wheel and the left rear wheel are attached to water or muddy water. This will result in the four wheels and the ground when the car is braking. Friction is not the same, and it is easy to cause slip, tilt, and vehicle rollover accidents when braking. EBD uses a high-speed computer to sense and calculate the different grounds on which four tires are attached at the moment of vehicle braking. Different friction values ​​are obtained, so that the braking devices of the four tires are used in different ways according to different situations. The power is braked and constantly adjusted at high speed during the movement to ensure the stability and safety of the vehicle. -54- Traction Control System (TCS) TCS is also called tracking control system. When the car is braking on a smooth road, the wheels can slip, even turning to space and time. In the same way, when the car starts or accelerates, the driving wheels may also slip. On a smooth road such as ice and snow, the steering may become uncontrolled and dangerous. TCS is designed for this problem. TCS relies on electronic sensors to measure the speed of the driven wheel is lower than the driving wheel (this is a feature of slip), it will send out a signal to adjust the ignition time, reduce the valve opening, downshift or brake the wheel, so that the wheel is no longer slipping . Part VI -55-Shift Position of Automatic Transmission In general, the automatic transmission gear is divided into P, R, N, D, 2, 1 or L and so on. P (Parking): used for parking purposes, it is the use of mechanical devices to lock the car's rotating part, so that the car can not move. R (Reverse): Reverse, reverse the use of the vehicle. N (Neutral): Neutral. D(Drive): Forward position, used on general roads. 2 (Second Gear): 2-gear forward gear, but the transmission can only be shifted between 1st and 2nd gear, and it will not be adjusted to 3rd and 4th gear. With the shift lever in the 2nd position, the car will start from 1st gear, and when the speed increases, it will automatically turn 2nd gear. 1 (First Gear): The 1st gear is the forward gear, but the transmission can only work in 1st gear and cannot be shifted to other gears. It is most useful for serious traffic jams and steep slopes. When you are on a slope or a down slope, you can make full use of the torque of your car's engine. -56-Manual/Automatic Integrated Transmission The manual/automatic integrated transmission is based on an automatic transmission with a manual shift function. A car equipped with a manual/automatic integrated transmission can be switched between automatic shifting and manual shifting at any time. Part 7 -57-Suspension Suspension is the general term for all power transmission connections between the frame of a car and an axle or wheel. Its role is to transmit forces and moments acting between the wheel and the frame, and the buffer is transmitted to the frame from an uneven surface or The body's impact force, and attenuate the vibration caused by this, ensure that the car can smoothly exercise. The typical suspension structure consists of a flexible element, a guide mechanism, and a shock absorber, and the individual structures include a buffer block, a stabilizer bar, and the like. The elastic elements are in the form of leaf springs, air springs, spiral springs, and torsion bar springs, while modern car suspensions use spiral springs and torsion bar springs. Individual limousines use air springs. Suspension is an important assembly in the car. It elastically links the frame with the wheels, which is related to the various performance of the car. -58- Independent/Independent Suspension Non-independent suspension The mechanism of the non-independent suspension is characterized in that the wheels on both sides are connected by an integral frame, and the wheel together with the axle is suspended by the elastic suspension under the frame or the body. The non-independent suspension has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, high strength, easy maintenance and small change of front wheel alignment during driving. However, because of its poor comfort and handling stability, it is basically no longer used in modern cars. Mostly used on trucks and buses. Independent suspension The independent suspension is that the wheels on each side are individually hung under the frame or under the body through an elastic suspension. Its advantages are: lighter weight, less impact on the car body, and improved ground adhesion of the wheel; soft spring with small rigidity can be used to improve the comfort of the car; the position of the engine can be reduced and the center of gravity of the car can be reduced. Improve the driving stability of the car; the left and right wheels beat independently, and they are irrelevant to each other, which can reduce the body's tilt and vibration. However, the independent suspension has the disadvantages of complicated structure, high cost and inconvenient maintenance. Most modern cars use stand-alone suspensions. According to their different structural forms, independent suspensions can be divided into horizontal arms, vertical arms, multi-links, candlesticks, and McPherson independent suspensions. -59- Wishbone suspension Wishbone suspension refers to the independent suspension that the wheels oscillate in the transverse plane of the car. According to the number of the crossarms, it can be divided into double wishbone and single wishbone suspensions. Single wishbone independent suspension The single-arm independent suspension has the advantages of simple structure, high roll center, and strong anti-rolling ability. However, with the increase of the speed of modern automobiles, an excessively high roll center will cause a large wheel-to-wheel variation when the wheel is beating, an increase in tire wear, and an excessive transfer of the vertical force of the left and right wheels during a sharp turn, resulting in an increase in the camber of the rear wheels. The stiffness of the rear wheel's side edge creates a high-speed tail throw in severe conditions. The single wishbone independent suspension is mostly applied to the rear suspension, but due to its inability to meet the requirements of high-speed driving, it is not currently used in many applications. Double wishbone independent suspension The double wishbone independent suspension is divided into equal length double wishbone and unequal length double wishbone type suspension according to whether the upper and lower cross arms are equal in length. The double wishbone suspension of equal length can maintain the inclination of the kingpin while the wheel is beating up and down, but the wheelbase changes greatly (similar to the single-arm type), resulting in serious tire wear, which is rarely used. For unequal-length double-arm suspensions, as long as the appropriate selection is made to optimize the length of the upper and lower cross-arms, and through reasonable arrangements, the changes in the wheel-axle and front-wheel positioning parameters can be within acceptable limits, ensuring that the car has Good driving stability. The current unequal double-boom suspension has been widely quoted on the front and rear suspensions of cars, and some suspension models are also used on some sports cars and the rear wheels of cars. -60-Multi-link suspension The link suspension is a suspension that combines 3 to 5 poles to control the position of the wheels. The multi-link can swing the wheel around an axis that is at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the car. It is a cross arm type and a longitudinal arm type compromise. The angle between the axis of the swing arm and the axis of the vehicle is appropriately selected and can be different. The advantages of the horizontal arm and vertical arm suspension are achieved to meet different performances. No matter whether the vehicle is in the driving or braking state, it can be smoothly steered according to the driver's intention. The inadequacies are: The shaft swings at high speeds. -61- Longitudinal arm suspension The suspension structure in which the wheel swings in the longitudinal plane of the car is divided into two types: a single longitudinal arm and a double longitudinal arm. A single trailing arm suspension will cause a greater change in the caster angle when the wheel bounces up and down, so a single trailing arm suspension is not used on the steering wheel. The two rocker arms of the double-arm suspension are generally of equal length, forming a parallel four-bar structure so that the caster's back rake remains constant as the wheel bounces up and down. Double-axle suspensions are used in steering wheels. -62-Candle Suspension The structural feature of the candle suspension is that the wheel moves up and down along the king pin axis that is rigidly fixed to the frame. The advantage of the candle suspension is that when the suspension is deformed, the positioning angle of the kingpin will not change, but only the wheelbase and the wheelbase will have a slight change, so it is particularly beneficial to the steering stability and driving stability of the automobile. However, a major disadvantage of the candle suspension is that the tendency of the car when traveling is entirely absorbed by the king pin sleeved on the kingpin sleeve, resulting in increased frictional resistance between the sleeve and the kingpin, and the wear is also severe. The candle suspension is now not used much. -63- Macpherson Suspension Its kingpin is swingable, and the MacPherson suspension is a combination of swingarm and candle suspension. Compared with the double wishbone suspension, the McPherson suspension has the advantages of compact structure, small front wheel positioning parameter variation when the wheel is beating, good steering stability, and due to the cancellation of the upper cross arm, The arrangement of the engine and the steering system brings convenience; compared with the candle suspension, the strut receiving force of the strut has been greatly improved. McPherson suspensions are mostly used in the front suspension of small and medium sized cars. The front suspensions of cars such as the Porsche 911, domestic Audi, Santana, Xiali and Fukang are MacPherson independent suspensions. Although the MacPherson suspension is not the suspension structure with the highest technical content, it is still a durable, independent suspension with strong road adaptability. -64-Active Suspension Active suspension is a new type of suspension controlled by computers in the last decade or so. It brings together technical knowledge of mechanics and electricity and is a relatively sophisticated high-tech device. The active suspension has the function of controlling the body movement. When the inertia of the car due to braking or turning causes spring deformation, the active suspension will generate a force that opposes the inertial force, reducing the change in the body position. For example, the German Mercedes-Benz 2000 C1 sports car, the suspension sensor will immediately detect the body's tilt and lateral acceleration when the vehicle turns. Based on the sensor information, the computer compares it with the preset threshold value and immediately determines at what position the load is added to the suspension so that the body tilt is minimized. Part 8 -65- Tubeless Tires It is a tire without an inner tube. Tubeless tires are commonly called atomic tires or vacuum tires. This type of tire uses the inner layer of the tire and the inner layer of the bead to ensure good airtightness between the tire and the rim. The outer tire also serves as an inner tube. Tubeless tires are characterized by: no tube, the tire becomes lighter, is conducive to high-speed car; because the inner layer of the tire inner layer of the tire is tightly stuck to the inner wall of the tire, so that the tire is not easy to gather heat at high speeds, When the tire is worn out by nails or sharp objects, it can continue to travel a distance. -66-Smart Tires The smart tire is equipped with a computer chip, or a computer chip is connected to the carcass. It can automatically monitor and adjust the tire's driving temperature and air pressure, so that it can maintain the best running status under different conditions, which improves the safety factor. And save money. It is estimated that after several years of smart tires can detect the wetness of the road and change the pattern of the tire to prevent slipping. -67- Four Wheel Steering The rear wheel and the front wheel have the same steering function. They can not only turn in the same direction as the front wheels but also turn in the opposite direction from the front wheels. Its main purpose is to enhance the maneuverability of passenger cars at high speeds or under lateral winds, improve maneuverability at low speeds, and facilitate the adjustment of movement from one lane to another when the car is traveling at high speeds, so as to reduce the number of U-turns. Turn radius. -68-Unsupported Body Vehicles with a non-loaded body have a rigid frame, also known as a chassis frame. In the non-loaded body, components of the engine, a part of the transmission system, the body, and the like are all fixed to the frame by a suspension device, and the frame is connected to the wheels through the front and rear suspension devices. The non-loaded body is relatively bulky, high quality, and high in height. It is generally used in trucks, passenger cars and off-road jeep, and some high-grade cars are used because of its good stability and safety. -69-Loaded Body Vehicles with load-carrying bodies do not have rigid frames, but only the front, side, rear, and floor sections are reinforced. The engine, front, rear suspension, and a part of the transmission system are assembled on the vehicle body at the required design position. Pass the suspension to the wheels. In addition to its inherent load-bearing function, the load-bearing body also directly bears the effects of various load forces. The load-bearing body has a great improvement in terms of safety and re-stability. It has the advantages of low mass, low height, and easy assembly. Most cars use this body structure. -70- Side door bumper As we all know, when the car is hit by a side impact, the door is easily subject to impact and deformation, thus directly hurting the passengers in the car. In order to improve the safety performance of automobiles, many automobile companies place one or two firm steel beams in the middle of the door sandwich layers on the sides of the car. This is the so-called side door anti-collision bar. The anti-collision effect of the anti-collision bar is: When the side door is impacted, the sturdy anti-collision bar can greatly reduce the degree of deformation of the side door, thereby reducing the impact of the car crash on the passengers in the car. -71-Smart Key It can open one or two doors, trunk and fuel filler caps, and can also operate the car's windows and skylights. The more advanced smart key is like a signal card, when the driver touches the door handle, the central The lock control system starts to work and emits a wireless inquiry signal. After the smart key card makes a correct response, the lock is automatically opened. The engine will only start when the CPU senses that the key is stuck in the car. -72-Anti-glare rearview mirror Generally installed in the compartment, it consists of a special mirror and two photodiodes and an electronic controller. The electronic controller receives front and rear light signals from the photodiode. If the illumination light shines on the interior rearview mirror, if the rear light is larger than the front lighting, the electronic controller will output a voltage to the conductive layer. This voltage on the conductive layer changes the color of the mirrored electro-chemical layer. The higher the voltage is, the deeper the color of the electro-deposition layer is. Even if the rushing light hits the rear-view mirror, it will be reflected by the anti-glare interior rearview mirror to the eyes of the driver. On the display is dark, not dazzling. The mirror electro-active layer allows the reflected light to automatically change continuously to prevent glare, depending on the incident intensity of the rear light. When the vehicle is reversing, the anti-glare function of the rearview mirror in the anti-glare interior is released, the antiglare function of the right rearview mirror is released, and the right exterior mirror automatically illuminates the ground. -73-High brake light General brake equations are installed on both sides of the rear of the vehicle. When the driver depresses the brake pedal, the brake light is on and a red light is emitted to remind the rear vehicle to pay attention and not to rear-end. The brake light goes out when the driver releases the brake pedal. The high-position brake light is also called a third brake light, which is generally loaded on the upper part of the rear of the vehicle so that the rear vehicle can detect the vehicle ahead of time and apply braking to prevent the occurrence of a rear-end collision. Since the car has two left and right brake lights, it is customary to also refer to the high brake light installed in the upper part of the rear of the vehicle as the third brake light. -74-Rain sensor The rain sensor is concealed behind the front windshield. It can adjust the wiper action according to the amount of rain falling on the glass, thus greatly reducing the troubles of the driver. The rain sensor does not change the speed of the wiper in a few limited gears, but it adjusts the speed of the wiper in a stepless manner. It consists of a light emitting diode called an LED that sends far-infrared rays. When the surface of the glass is dry, the light is reflected almost 100%, so that the photodiode can receive very good reflected light. The more rain on the glass, the less the pipeline is reflected back and the faster the wiper moves.
As the consumption of plastic products continues to increase, the amount of waste plastics continues to increase.
At present, Chinese waste plastics are mainly plastic film, plastic wire and woven goods, foam plastics, plastic packaging boxes and containers, daily-use plastic products, plastic bags and agricultural mulch films.
In addition, the annual consumption of plastics for automobiles in China has reached 400,000 tons, and the annual consumption of plastics for electronic appliances and home appliances has reached more than 1 million tons. These products have become one of the important sources of waste plastics after being scrapped.
It is understood that in 2011, the amount of waste plastics produced in China was about 28 million tons, and in 2012 it was 34.13 million tons. The storage, transportation and processing of these waste plastics, pending the application and post-treatment of the discarded plastic raw materials, will inevitably damage the environment and endanger the health of the people.
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,Automatic Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,Abs Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Shangqiu Zhongming Eco-Friendly Equipment Co., Ltd. , https://www.sqzhongminggroup.com