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Vanadium is the name of the goddess. 1801 Spain mineralogist Rio (AMDelkio) found in the study of Mexican tin Mapan (Zimapan) of aluminum ore. Because the salt of vanadium and the acid are red when heated, it is named after erythronuin (red element). Later, Rio accepted the red substance as an impurity of chromium , which may be the explanation of lead chromate. In 1830 the Swedish chemist Seve Storm (NGJefstrom) with raw iron ore smelting nearby Sweden Taberg (Tabevg), isolated a new element to the goddess who Nadi Si (Vanadis) named Vanadium.
The nature of vanadium
Vanadium is a malleable metal, vanadium but containing oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen is brittle. Vanadium is a poor conductor of electricity and its conductivity is only one tenth of that of copper . At room temperature, dense vanadium is stable to oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. When heated in air, vanadium is oxidized to brownish black vanadium pentoxide, blue-black vanadium pentoxide, or orange-red vanadium pentoxide. At lower temperatures (180 ° C), vanadium reacts with chlorine to form vanadium tetrachloride. Vanadium carbide and vanadium nitride are formed with carbon and nitrogen at high temperatures. Vanadium is resistant to hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, alkaline solutions and seawater, but can be corroded by nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid.
Vanadium resources
The vanadium in nature is mostly dispersed, often produced with other elements, and there are few integrated industrial deposits. The world's vanadium reserves are 15.78 million tons, and the output is about 30,000 tons. China's vanadium pentoxide resources amount to more than 2,800 tons, and in 1993, vanadium production was 4,000 tons.
Preparation of vanadium
The production of vanadium is first extracted from the ore by oxides of vanadium (or other compounds), which in turn are used to produce vanadium-iron alloys or metal vanadium.
Use of vanadium
Vanadium is mainly used as an alloy component of steel and vanadium iron. It has the function of refining the grain of steel matrix, so it is widely used in various steel types. Vanadium nonferrous alloys mainly used in the manufacture of titanium alloy. Vanadium can control the gas content in the copper-based alloy and improve its microstructure. Adding a small amount of vanadium to the aluminum-based alloy of the internal combustion engine piston can enhance the strength of the alloy and reduce its thermal expansion coefficient. Vanadium has a small fast neutron absorption cross section, good corrosion resistance to liquid sodium, and high temperature creep resistance. It can be used as a coating material and a heat release element for fast neutron breeder fuel rods. The vanadium intermetallic compound V3Ga is a superconducting material. V2O5 is widely used as a catalyst for organic and inorganic oxidation reactions for the production of sulfuric acid, refined petroleum , glass for the absorption of ultraviolet and heat rays, and colorants for glass and ceramics. Vanadium oxides and metavanadates are used in the production of printing inks and black dyes.