Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the
piston and, hence, imparts force on the piston. Consequently, the piston
becomes displaced.
One major issue engineers come across working with pneumatic
cylinders has to do with the compressibility of a gas. Many studies have
been completed on how the precision of a pneumatic cylinder can be
affected as the load acting on the cylinder tries to further compress
the gas used. Under a vertical load, a case where the cylinder takes on
the full load, the precision of the cylinder is affected the most. A
study at the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, concluded that
the accuracy is about ± 30 nm, which is still within a satisfactory
range but shows that the compressibility of air has an effect on the
system.
Pneumatic systems are often found in settings where even rare and brief system failure is unacceptable. In such situations locks can sometimes serve as a safety mechanism in case of loss of air supply (or its pressure falling) and, thus remedy or abate any damage arising in such a situation. Leakage of air from the input or output reduces the pressure and so the desired output.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinder
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The Operation of Pneumatic Cylinder
General